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標題: 大清王朝最後一支有戰鬥力的正規軍-新軍 [列印本頁]

作者: 歷史怪物 時間: 2014-5-9 17:37:25 標題: 大清王朝最後一支有戰鬥力的正規軍-新軍

新軍全稱「新建陸軍」，是清朝政府於甲午戰爭之後編練的新式陸軍軍隊。這支軍隊的特色是完全使用西式的軍制、訓練以及裝備，是清朝最後一支有戰鬥力的正規軍。

光緒二十年(1894年)中日甲午戰爭爆發後，原廣西按察使胡燏棻奉清政府之命，在天津用西法編練十營定武軍，分別為步兵三千人、炮兵一千人、馬兵二百五十人、和工兵五百人，一共四千七百多人。次年(1895年)胡燏棻調任平漢鐵路督辦。

袁世凱接手「定武軍」，在天津小站訓練部隊，人稱小站練兵。改為「新建陸軍」，一切依照德國與日本的制度，由德國人為主的洋人監督，更把規模擴至七千士兵，參照德國陸軍制度進行編製，並分立警、步、馬、砲、工、輜等兵科。之後，被編為武衛軍「前後左右中」五路中的武衛右軍，跟隨袁世凱到山東去鎮壓義和團運動。在那裏，袁世凱將三十四營舊軍改編，命名為「武衛右軍先鋒隊」，令武衛右軍擴大至兩萬餘人。

在新建陸軍成立的同時，署理兩江總督的張之洞也編練了一支名叫自強軍的新軍。這支軍隊也依照西式軍隊編練，步、馬、砲、工等兵13營，共二千餘人。後來自強軍由劉坤一接辦，到最後被袁世凱所收編，劃歸其武衛右軍。

1905年2月28日袁世凱等奏請統一全國新軍番號，提出「以陸軍編號通國一貫，脈絡相連」，並呈請將「所有常備軍各鎮擬即一律改為陸軍各鎮，以符名實而遵定製」。即全國各鎮統一數字番號。新的陸軍營制在北洋常備軍營制的基礎上略加變化而來，一鎮計步、馬、炮、工、輜共二十營，與日本師團的組織相似。第一批即以北洋、京旗兩支常備軍改編為北洋六鎮。

1907年陸軍部擬訂了全國編練三十六鎮的計劃.

1911年清亡時，共計成立十四個鎮、十六個混成協、禁衛軍2協，以及幾個獨立標、營。

新軍採取的是省區＋番號的方式，如第一鎮是「近畿陸軍第一鎮」，第八鎮是「湖北陸軍第八鎮」（不是湖北地方部隊，仍屬中央國防軍系列）等。

混成協在中國不算是戰時編製。因為編練新軍對於各省來說，財政花費實在太大，因此從河南新軍開始，採取了變通辦法，先成立混成一協，以後再擴為一鎮。這個辦法後在全國各地推廣，於是出現了一批混成協。通常混成協按清廷定製，一般是步隊一協、馬炮各一營、工輜各一隊，實際情況各省略有差別，不完全一致。

各省各自編練新軍達到協的標準，呈請練兵處（後為陸軍部）批准成協，如果審批通過則授予無數字番號的混成協（如「陝西陸軍混成協」）或有數字番號暫編混成協（如「四川暫編陸軍第三十三混成協」）。一部分混成協是以上的兩種番號都經歷過，如河南先成「河南陸軍混成協」，再改稱「河南暫編陸軍第二十九混成協」。大多數混成協是準備將來擴編為鎮的，所以都加「暫編」二字，只有從北洋六鎮中划出駐守東北的陸軍第一、二混成協不在此例。

各省編煉新軍達到一鎮的標準，報陸軍部審核後授予暫編鎮番號，如「四川暫編陸軍第十七鎮」。陸軍部派員親臨校閱，若合格則去掉「暫編」二字，成為正規的陸軍鎮。至清亡，只有北洋六鎮和湖北第八鎮、南洋第九鎮等幾個鎮是通過校閱的正規鎮，其餘各鎮全屬「暫編」鎮。

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作者: cat8125900 時間: 2014-5-9 19:22:36

話說~
看到這張照片時，我真的發現黃蓮教的發功再次現身。
真的嚇一大跳。

作者: 焦油瑪琪朵 時間: 2014-5-9 22:56:59

袁世凱一倒台，這些部隊群龍無首

最後變成軍閥割據成清末民初的餘毒

作者: 歷史怪物 時間: 2014-6-3 14:18:08

這些都是中國近代史的一頁
由於袁世凱的逝去
也由於軍閥的割據
使我中華民族陷入數十年的動亂

作者: nanoman 時間: 2014-6-9 13:09:56

用三張圖說明清末軍隊狀況:

(1)山東團練-清末民兵組織，袁世凱到山東去鎮壓義和團運動
義和團大多裝備原始，充滿迷信色

(2) 袁世凱訓練的清末新軍武衛右軍
手持龍旗的新軍軍官-清末新軍已改穿西式軍服，
但手中的龍旗，腳下的布靴，以及拘謹的表情，表明他們仍無法脫離傳統

(3) 武昌起義的新軍裝備
漢口革命軍士兵-穿著統一的軍裝，制式的連帽大衣，腰間掛著子彈盒
斜挎漢陽造步槍，年輕的臉龐上滿是自信和勝利的笑容。

附件: 汉口革命军士兵-这些革命军士兵穿着统一的军装，还有制式的连帽大衣，腰间挂着子弹盒.jpg (2014-6-9 13:09:23, 72.06 KB) / 下載次數 19
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附件: 山东团练-清末民兵组织在乡间涌现，但大多装备原始，充满迷信色111.jpg.jpg (2014-6-9 13:02:00, 89.29 KB) / 下載次數 21
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附件: 手持龙旗的新军军官-清末新军已改穿西式军服，但手中的龙旗，脚下的布靴，以及拘谨的.jpg (2014-6-9 13:04:51, 91.34 KB) / 下載次數 23
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作者: 20070804-1 時間: 2014-6-10 23:36:28

原來韋小寶韋爵爺的正黃旗副都統也是中將級了.

歡迎光臨 SOGO論壇 (https://oursogo.com/)