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Su-27戰鬥機(又稱為蘇愷27戰鬥機,俄語:Cy-27)是在前蘇聯時期由蘇霍伊設計的單座雙發全天候重型戰鬥機。其北約命名稱為側衛(Flanker)。此型戰機擁有極強的纏鬥能力與很長的續航距離。
Su-27是蘇聯蘇霍伊設計局研製的單座雙發全天候空優重型戰鬥機,主要任務是國土防空、護航、海上巡邏等。北約組織給予的綽號是"側衛"(Flanker).該機於1969年開始研製,1977年5月20日首飛,1979年投入批生產,1985年進入部隊股役。該機採用翼身融合體技術,懸壁式中單翼,翼根外有光滑彎曲前伸的邊條翼,雙垂尾正常式佈局,楔型進氣道位於翼身融合體的前下方,有很好的氣動性能,j進氣道底部及側壁有柵型輔助門,以防起落時吸入異物。全金屬半硬殼式機身,機頭略向下垂,大量採用鋁合金和鈦合金,傳統三梁式機翼。4餘度電傳操縱系統,無機械備份,按靜不穩定設計。該機主要是針對美國的F-16和F-15設計的,用以取代Yak-28P、Su-15和Tu-28P/128截擊機,具有機動性和敏捷性好、續航時間長等特點,可以進行超視距作戰。該機完成的"普加喬夫眼鏡蛇"機動動作顯示出了其優異的飛行性能和操縱性能,以及發動機良好的加速性能,飛行性能要高於第三代戰鬥機,但其機載電子設備和座艙顯示設備相對來講要落後許多,且不具隱身性能。該機有多種改型,包括Su-27P單座陸基型、Su-27UB串列雙座教練型、Su-27K艦載戰鬥/攻擊型、Su-27KU並列雙座戰鬥轟炸型、P-42(由Su-27專門改裝的飛機,創造了31項官方世界紀錄)等。
動力裝置
2台留裏卡設計局的AL-31F渦輪風扇發動機,單台靜推力77千牛,加力推力可達122.6千牛。帶有數字式燃油調節系統。
主要機載設備
相干脈衝多普勒雷達,具有邊跟蹤邊掃描和下視/下射能力,可同時攻擊2個目標,有很強的抗干擾能力。綜合火控系統將雷達、紅外搜索/跟蹤傳感器、激光側距儀與頭盔顯示器協同起來,並顯示在廣角平視顯示器上。“警笛”3全向雷達告警系統,箔條/干擾條投放設備等。
武器
機身右側機翼邊條上方裝有1門30毫米GSH-301機炮,備彈150發。該機最多可以掛10枚空對空飛彈,包括R-27R短距半主動雷達制導空對空飛彈、R-271短距紅外空對空飛彈、R-27ER長距半主動雷達制導和R-27ET紅外空對空飛彈、以及R-73A和R-60、R-33近距紅外空對空飛彈等。對地攻擊時可帶機炮吊艙、各種炸彈、火箭發射器等。
尺寸數據
機長(不含空速管)21.935米,機高5.932米,翼展14.70米,機翼面積62.0平方米。
重量及載荷
空重16000千克,正常起飛重量22500千克,最大起飛重量30000千克,內載燃油9400千克,最大武器載荷6000千克。
性能數據
最大平飛速度(高空)M2.35,(海平面)M1.1,失速速度200千米/小時,滾轉率270*/秒。起飛滑跑距離450-650米,著陸滑跑距離620米-650米。實用升限18000米,作戰半徑1500千米。航程3680千米。限制過載(實用)+9.0g。
英文官方版本(特別提供)
SUKHOI Su-27
NATO reporting name: Flanker
Su-27 Flanker-B Wing: span 14.70 m (48ft 2.75 in); aspect ratio 5.6; wing area 46.50 m2 (500.54 sq ft~ Fuselage and tail: length 21.90 m (71 ft 10 in) exc I uding probe; height 5.90 m (19ft4 in);tailplane span 9.90 m (32ft6 in~; wheel track4.33 m J14ft2V2 in); wheelbase 5.88 m J19ft3.5 in) Powerplant: two NPO Saturn (Lyul'ka) AL-31F turbofans each rated at 79.43 kN (17,857 l1b) dry and 122.58 kN (27,557 lb st~ with afterburning Weights: empty 17700 kg (39,021 lb); normal take-off23250 kg J51,257 lb); maximum take-off33000 kg (72751 lb) Fuel and load: normal internal fuel about 527 (11,618 lb); maximum internal fuel 9400 kg (20,723 lb); maximum ordnance 6000 kg (13,228 lb) Speed: limiting Mach No. 2.35; maximum level speed 'clean'at 11000 m (36,090 ffl 2280 km/h (1230 kt; 1417 mph) and at sea level 1370 km/h (739 kt; 851 mph) Range: at high-altitude 3680 km (1,986 nm; 2,287 miles); range at low-altitude 1370 km (739 nm; 851 miles) Perlormance: maximum rate of climb at sea level 19800 m (64,960 ft) per minute; service ceiling 17700 m 58,071 ft); take-off run 450 m (1,476 ft) at maximum take-off weight; landing run 700 m (2,297 ft) at normal landing weight g limits: +8
TYPE:
Single-seat all-weather air-superiority fighter and single/two-seat ground attack aircraft; two-seat combat trainer.
PROGRAMME:
Development began 1969 under leadership of Pavel Sukhoi; construction of T-10-1 prototype (first of 15 Su-27 'Flanker-As'), under Mikhail Seemonov's supervision, began 1974 and it was flown 20 May 1977 by Vladimir Ilyushin. Prototypes, had curved wingtips, rearward retracting nosewheel, tail fins mounted centrally above engine housings; development was not easy; two pilots lost their lives before major airframe redesign resulted in production configuration; production began 1979, with first flight of production aircraft 1981 and entry into service 1985; current production, for export only, centred in plant at Komsomolsk, Khabarovsk Territory; ground attack role observed in 1991; new versions being developed.
DESIGN FEATURES:
Developed to replace Yak-28P, Su-15 and Tu-28P/128 interceptors in APVO, and to escort Su-24 deep-penetration strike missions; requirement was effective engagement of F-15 and F-16 and other future aircraft and cruise missiles; exceptional range on internal fuel made flight refuelling unnecessary until Su-24s received probes; external fuel tanks still not considered necessary; all-swept integrated mid-wing configuration, with long curved wing leading-edge root extensions, lift-generating fuselage, twin tail fins and widely spaced engines with wedge intakes; rear-hinged doors in intakes hinge up to prevent ingestion of foreign objects during take-off and landing; integrated fire control system with pilot's helmet-mounted target designator; exceptional high-Alpha performance; basic wing leading-edge sweepback 42 degrees; no dihedral or incidence.
LANDING GEAR:
Hydraulically retractable tricycle type, made by Hydromash, with single wheel on each unit; mainwheels retract forward into wingroots; steerable nosewheel, with mudguard, also retracts forward; mainwheel tyres 1300 x 350 mm, pressure 12.25-15.7 bars (178-227 lb/sq in); nosewheel tyre 680 x 260 mm, pressure 9.3 bars (135 lb/ sq in); hydraulic brakes with two-signal anti-skid system; brake-chute housed in fuselage tailcone.
POWER PLANT:
Two Saturn/Lyulka AL-31F turbofans, each 122.6 kN (27557 lb st) with afterburning. Large auxiliary air intake louvres in bottom of each three-ramp engine duct near primary wedge intake; two rows of small vertical louvres in each sidewall of wedge, and others in top face; fine-grille screen hinges up from bottom of each duct to shield engine from foreign object ingestion during take-off and landing. Pressure or gravity fuelling.
ACCOMMODATION:
Pilot only, on K-36MD zero/zero ejection seat, under large rearward opening transparent blister canopy, with low sill.
AVIONICS:
Track-while-scan coherent pulse Doppler lookdown/shootdown radar (antenna diameter approx 1.0 m; 3 ft 4 in) with reported search range of 130 nm (240 km; 150 miles) and tracking range of 100 nm (185 km; 115 miles); infrared search/track (IRST) sensor in transparent housing forward of windscreen; Sirena-3 360 degrees radar warning receivers, outboard of each bottom air intake lip and at tail. Integrated fire control system enables radar, IRST and laser rangefinder to be slaved to pilot's helmet-mounted target designator and displayed on wide-angle HUD; autopilot able to restore aircraft to right-side-up level flight from any attitude when 'panic button' depressed.
ARMAMENT:
One 30 mm GSh-301 gun in starboard wingroot extension, with 150 rds. Up to 10 air-to-air missiles in air combat role, on tandem pylons under fuselage between engine ducts, beneath each duct, under each centre-wing and outer-wing, and at each wingtip. Typically, two short-burn semi-active radar homing R-27R (NATO AA-10 'Alamo-A') in tandem under fuselage; two short-burn infrared homing R-27T (AA-10B 'Alamo-B') missiles on centre-wing pylons; and long-burn semi-active radar homing R-27ER (AA-10C 'Alamo-C') or infrared R-27ET (AA-10D 'Alamo-D') beneath each engine duct. The four outer pylons carry either R-73A (AA-11 'Archer') or R-60 (AA-8 'Aphid') close-range infrared missiles. R-33 (AA-9 'Amos') missiles optional in place of AA-10s. Five-round packs of 130 mm rockets, or larger rocket pods, under wings in ground attack role.
DIMENSIONS: EXTERNAL ('Flanker-B'):
Wingspan: 14.70 m (48 ft 2 3/4 in)
Length overall, excl nose probe: 21.935 m (71 ft 11 1/2 in)
Height overall: 5.932 m (19 ft 5 1/2 in)
Fuselage: Max width: 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in)
Tailplane span: 9.90 m (32 ft 6 in)
Distance between fin tips: 4.30 m (14 ft 1 1/4 in)
WEIGHTS AND LOADINGS (B: 'Flanker-B', C: 'Flanker-C'):
Max T-O weight: B: 22,000-30,500 kg (48,500-67,240 lb)
Max wing loading: B: 491.9 kg/m/2 (100.75 lb/sq ft)
Max power loading: B: 124.4 kg/kN (1.22 lb/lb st)
PERFORMANCE:
Max level speed:
at height: B, C:
Mach 2.35 (1350 knots; 2500 km/h; 1550 mph)
at S/L: B, C: Mach 1.1 (725 knots; 1345 km/h; 835 mph)
Rate of roll: approx 270 degrees/s
Service ceiling: B, C: 18,000 m (59,055 ft)
Combat radius: B: 810 nm (1500 km; 930 miles)
Range with max fuel:
B: over 2160 nm (4000 km; 2485 miles)
g limit (operational): B, C: +9
LENGTH (m): 21.93
HEIGHT (m): 5.93
WINGSPAN (m): 14.70
MAX T-O WEIGHT (kg): 30,500
MAX WING LOAD (kg/m/2): 491.90
MAX LEVEL SPEED (knots): 725
MAX RANGE (nm): 2160
T-O RUN (m): 500
LANDING RUN (m): 600
SERVICE CEILING (m): 18,000
大集合:F15+M2000+Su-27!
內部照片(送大大們的禮物!)
特別禮物Su-27演變史
個人觀點與感想:
SU-27戰鬥機為什麼堪稱戰機氣動力學的登峰造極之作?!
1.使用翼身融合設計提升升力效果以及機動力、載油量等。傳統飛機的升力主要由機翼提供,機身可說是個累贅。將機翼與機身融合,使得機身可以提供部分升力,在SU-27上,其機身可提供全機40%的升力,因此雖然按照定義計算之機翼負荷略大於F-15,但若考慮機身的影響,SU-27的翼負荷是當代最低的,最低的翼負荷以及當代最大的推重比,是SU-27成為當代機動力最好的飛機的主要因素。融合處較厚因此可以增加載油量。 處於同一時代的SU-27、MiG-29、F-16開創了這種設計。
翼身融合對其結構也有良好的影響,融合處用承力蒙皮,可當結構使用,減輕結構重量。主起落架置於融合處下,將承力直接傳給主結構,可以不必額外加強起落架承力結構。
2.合面積率以及細長比大的機身,使得SU-27高速阻力小,適合他的性能要求:高速攔截。面積率設計是從實驗發現的,實驗發現以往直桶狀機身在飛到某個高速後,會有極大的震波阻力,但是當飛機的橫截面面積變化平順符合〝面積率〞曲線時,這種震波阻力明顯減小。細長比越大,飛機看起來越細長,阻力越小。用簡單的力學觀點來看,細長而平順的機身使音機頭衝擊而分開的氣流較易沿著機身流動並交會,而不易在機身後方產生〝減壓區〞而導致大氣壓力將飛機往後壓。所以這點不難體會才對...。
3,分離式雙發動機佈局。SU-27採用雙發動機,一個發動機使用一個進氣道,兩個進氣道分離,分離式雙發動機雖然再單發動機失效時難以控制,但因為在發動機中間有較厚的金屬壁,因此萬一一個發動機被擊傷爆炸,也較不易損壞另一個發動機,這樣整個飛機的戰場生存能力就大為提高。另外,在SU-27的進氣道上更應該加以介紹。他的進氣道分離步局使得在兩個進氣道中間部份形成一個低壓區,因此在這裡很適合掛再大型武器而不至於大幅增加阻力,例如龐大的SS-N-22飛彈就可以掛在這裡。進氣道形狀跟MiG-29類似,由俄羅斯中央流體力學研究院提供協助設計,用的正是美國太空總署進氣道設計天才泰勒梅特所提出的〝最佳進氣道設計〞,這種進氣道位在機腹下方,又有翼前緣延伸協助導流,具備阻力小、進氣效率佳、纏鬥性能優異等特點。進氣口下方設有輔助進氣門,再低速運動時可開啟增加近氣量;當飛機降落時可用柵欄擋住主進氣道而改用輔助進氣道進氣,以避免吸入地面異物等等。
4.面積62坪方米。後掠梯形主翼,前緣後掠42度後援後掠37度。水平尾翼的位置在主翼後下方,這是經過許多風洞實驗而確定,位在主翼導引之主要氣流經過的地方以得到最佳控制力,其水平尾翼結構也夠強,除了轉動軸外,再水平尾翼尾部根垂尾的地方有有一個制動機構,可能就是因為這樣,所以她足以承受強大的氣流。兩片高聳的垂直尾翼位在兩個發動機外側,大面積垂直尾翼使得飛機具備優異的橫向穩定控制能力,這點更保證了高攻角控制能力。此外,這兩片垂直尾翼也一定程度的遮蔽發動機產生的部分紅外線訊號以及遮蔽被漆成銀灰色而顯眼的發動機。
5.主翼前緣延伸到機鼻,也就是所謂的〝翼前緣延伸〞設計。這項設計使得SU-27具備更低的穿音速阻力以及中低速運動性能。因為翼前緣延伸使得在機身前段也有渦流存在,這就相當於在前半段的地方多了個升力來源,需要時,這股渦流產生的升力就可更輕易的將機頭拉起來,也因為有這個力的存在,尾翼因此不必做太大的配平,縱而減低一些阻力;翼前緣延伸激起的渦流除了上述的增加機動力效果外,期較高的能量可以吹除一些附面層,而達到減低阻力、延緩失速之效,因此也增加了高攻角性能。不過在另一方面,這種設計有點降低了細長比,降低高速性能,但畢竟當時的飛機沒有持續在超音速作戰的。
可見,Su-27可是絲毫不遜色於幻象2000阿...以上是個人研究出來的觀點,歡迎各位多多指教^^
《 本帖最後由 寒冰神話 於 2009-7-7 18:55 編輯 》 |
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